![]() ![]() Dancing was only allowed in the church when one was moved by the spirit. As members of the church, they were expected to attend services, participate in activities there, and follow a code of conduct: no jazz, no card games, and no "high life": drinking or visiting bars or juke joints. Sabbath was strictly followed, the entire house shut down on Friday evenings and did not open again until Monday morning. The Clarks were devout Baptists attending nearby Plymouth Rock Baptist Church. For her first few years, Mahalia was nicknamed "Fishhooks" for the curvature of her legs. Her eyes healed quickly but her Aunt Bell treated her legs with grease water massages with little result. Mahalia was born with bowed legs and infections in both eyes. As Charity's sisters found employment as maids and cooks, they left Duke's, though Charity remained with her daughter, Mahalia's half-brother Peter, and Duke's son Fred. The family called Charity's daughter "Halie" she counted as the 13th person living in Aunt Duke's house. Duke hosted Charity and their five other sisters and children in her leaky three-room shotgun house on Water Street in New Orleans' Sixteenth Ward. Charity's older sister, Mahala "Duke" Paul, was her daughter's namesake, sharing the spelling without the "I". Both sets of Mahalia's grandparents were born into slavery, her paternal grandparents on a rice plantation and her maternal grandparents on a cotton plantation in Pointe Coupee Parish about 100 miles (160 km) north of New Orleans. He lived elsewhere, never joining Charity as a parent. ![]() Clark and Jackson were unmarried, a common arrangement among black women in New Orleans at the time. Mahalia Jackson was born to Charity Clark and Johnny Jackson, a stevedore and weekend barber. Popular music as a whole felt her influence and she is credited with inspiring rhythm and blues, soul, and rock and roll singing styles. Her success brought about international interest in gospel music, initiating the "Golden Age of Gospel" making it possible for many soloists and vocal groups to tour and record. Passionate and at times frenetic, she wept and demonstrated physical expressions of joy while singing. She was renowned for her powerful contralto voice, range, an enormous stage presence, and her ability to relate to her audiences, conveying and evoking intense emotion during performances. Completely self-taught, Jackson had a keen sense of instinct for music, her delivery marked by extensive improvisation with melody and rhythm. Throughout her career Jackson faced intense pressure to record secular music, but turned down high paying opportunities to concentrate on gospel. She was a vocal and loyal supporter of Martin Luther King Jr. Motivated by her experiences living and touring in the South and integrating a Chicago neighborhood, she participated in the civil rights movement, singing for fundraisers and at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. She regularly appeared on television and radio, and performed for many presidents and heads of state, including singing the national anthem at John F. and France, and she became the first gospel recording artist to tour Europe. Jackson's recordings captured the attention of jazz fans in the U.S. Nationwide recognition came for Jackson in 1947 with the release of " Move On Up a Little Higher", selling two million copies and hitting the number two spot on Billboard charts, both firsts for gospel music. ![]() For 15 years she functioned as what she termed a "fish and bread singer", working odd jobs between performances to make a living. After making an impression in Chicago churches, she was hired to sing at funerals, political rallies, and revivals. Jackson was heavily influenced by musician-composer Thomas Dorsey, and by blues singer Bessie Smith, adapting Smith's style to traditional Protestant hymns and contemporary songs. She moved to Chicago as an adolescent and joined the Johnson Singers, one of the earliest gospel groups. She found a home in her church, leading to a lifelong dedication and singular purpose to deliver God's word through song. The granddaughter of enslaved people, Jackson was born and raised in poverty in New Orleans. ![]() During a time when racial segregation was pervasive in American society, she met considerable and unexpected success in a recording career, selling an estimated 22 million records and performing in front of integrated and secular audiences in concert halls around the world. With a career spanning 40 years, Jackson was integral to the development and spread of gospel blues in black churches throughout the U.S. Mahalia Jackson ( / m ə ˈ h eɪ l i ə/ mə- HAY-lee-ə born Mahala Jackson Octo– January 27, 1972) was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century. ![]()
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